Question 1 of 21
The primary objective of lease disclosures under both IFRS and US GAAP is to enable users to assess:
id: 1
model: Grok
topic: Lease Disclosure Objective
Explanation
<h3>First Principles Thinking: Information Relevance</h3><p><strong>B is correct.</strong> From first principles of financial reporting, disclosures must provide decision-useful information about economic resources, claims, and cash flow characteristics. Leases represent significant off-balance-sheet financing historically, so standards require information on amount (magnitude), timing (when payments occur), and uncertainty (variable payments, renewal options). This allows analysts to assess liquidity risk, debt covenants, and comparability across firms. Both IFRS 16 and US GAAP ASC 842 emphasize this objective explicitly. Disclosures include maturity analyses, discount rates, and qualitative info on judgments, enabling reconstruction of lease cash flow profiles from balance sheet amounts.</p><p>A is incorrect: tax implications are secondary; primary focus is financial position, performance, cash flows. Taxes may be mentioned but not core objective.</p><p>C is incorrect: legal aspects are assumed valid; disclosures focus on economic substance, not enforceability which is audited separately.</p>
Question 2 of 21
Lease-related items on a lessee's balance sheet typically appear as:
id: 2
model: Grok
topic: Lease Balance Sheet Presentation
Explanation
<h3>First Principles Thinking: Asset-Liability Matching</h3><p><strong>A is correct.</strong> Leases create a right to use an asset (ROU asset) matched by a payment obligation (lease liability). ROU assets appear in non-current assets (or other assets if immaterial). Lease liabilities are split: current portion (due within 12 months) in current liabilities, non-current remainder in long-term liabilities. This reflects control over future economic benefits (asset) and present obligation to sacrifice resources (liability). Immaterial amounts may aggregate into 'other assets/liabilities,' but discrete line items are common for material leases like Apple's operating leases in 'other non-current assets' and liabilities split.</p><p>B is incorrect: lease liabilities must be classified by maturity per current/non-current criteria, not all current.</p><p>C is incorrect: post-2019 standards require balance sheet recognition for operating leases; prior off-balance-sheet treatment is obsolete.</p>
Question 3 of 21
Under IFRS 16, lessee disclosures for the current period must include all except:
id: 3
model: Grok
topic: Lessee Quantitative Disclosures
Explanation
<h3>First Principles Thinking: Comprehensive Expense Tracking</h3><p><strong>C is correct.</strong> IFRS 16 requires specific quantitative disclosures on recognized amounts: ROU asset carrying values by class (e.g., buildings, equipment), depreciation by class, interest on liabilities, additions to ROU assets, and total cash outflows. These trace P&L and cash flow impacts. Maturity analysis is also required separately from other liabilities. 'Contributions to lessors' confuses lessee obligations (disclosed via maturity) with employer pension contributions; lessees disclose payment obligations, not 'contributions.'</p><p>A is incorrect: required by IFRS 16 for period-end ROU assets by class.</p><p>B is incorrect: total cash outflows required to reconcile accrual to cash basis.</p>
Question 4 of 21
Lessee lease liability maturity analysis must be disclosed:
id: 4
model: Grok
topic: Lease Maturity Analysis
Explanation
<h3>First Principles Thinking: Disaggregated Cash Flow Visibility</h3><p><strong>B is correct.</strong> Maturity analysis shows undiscounted payments by period (e.g., annual for 5 years, thereafter total) separately from other liabilities to isolate lease cash flow profile. Leases often have unique terms (renewals, escalations), so aggregation obscures risks. Apple's disclosure shows operating/finance maturities distinctly: 2022 $1,733M total, building to thereafter $6,055M, less imputed interest. This enables covenant analysis and refinancing assessment.</p><p>A is incorrect: explicit requirement to separate from bonds/loans for clarity.</p><p>C is incorrect: both operating/finance liabilities require separate maturity under unified lessee model.</p>
Question 5 of 21
In Apple's 2021 lease note, right-of-use assets for operating leases are reported under:
id: 5
model: Grok
topic: Apple Lease Disclosure Example
Explanation
<h3>First Principles Thinking: Presentation Flexibility</h3><p><strong>A is correct.</strong> Standards allow ROU assets within relevant classes; Apple classifies operating lease ROU as 'Other non-current assets' ($10,087M), finance as PPE ($861M). This aggregates immaterial items while disclosing components in notes. Total ROU $10,948M matches liabilities $11,803M closely, reflecting consistent measurement (PV lease payments). Weighted-average term 10.8 years, discount 2.0% (incremental borrowing rate) disclosed for replicability.</p><p>B is incorrect: finance leases in PPE; operating in other assets.</p><p>C is incorrect: long-term nature (10+ years) warrants non-current classification.</p>
Question 6 of 21
Lessors with finance leases must disclose at minimum:
id: 6
model: Grok
topic: Lessor Finance Lease Disclosures
Explanation
<h3>First Principles Thinking: Performance Measurement</h3><p><strong>A is correct.</strong> Finance lessors treat leases as sales/financing, so disclose selling profit/loss at inception (receivable minus carrying value) and finance income (interest on net investment). Variable payments not in measurement also disclosed. Explains changes in net investment carrying amount and maturity (undiscounted payments: 5 years annual + remainder). Enables assessment of profitability and liquidity from financing activities.</p><p>B is incorrect: maturity required but not minimum; profit/income primary.</p><p>C is incorrect: no depreciation post-derecognition in finance leases.</p>
Question 7 of 21
For operating leases, lessors disclose:
id: 7
model: Grok
topic: Lessor Operating Lease Disclosures
Explanation
<h3>First Principles Thinking: Retained Asset Risk</h3><p><strong>A is correct.</strong> Operating lessors retain assets/risks, so disclose PPE by class subject to leases (e.g., buildings, equipment) and maturity of undiscounted receipts (5 years + remainder). Also qualitative info on risk management (residuals, obsolescence). Separate variable lease income not index-based. Highlights ongoing rental economics and future inflows.</p><p>B is incorrect: net investment for finance leases only.</p><p>C is incorrect: sensitivity for DB pensions, not operating leases.</p>
Question 8 of 21
Under IAS 19, disclosures for defined contribution plans require:
id: 8
model: Grok
topic: Defined Contribution Disclosures
Explanation
<h3>First Principles Thinking: Simplicity Matches Risk</h3><p><strong>A is correct.</strong> DC plans limit employer risk to fixed contributions; expense equals contributions. IAS 19 requires only period expense disclosure. SEC mandates Form 11-K with audited plan statements separately. No balance sheet impact beyond accruals/prepayments. Reflects low uncertainty—no ongoing obligation.</p><p>B is incorrect: sensitivity for DB plans with long-term obligations.</p><p>C is incorrect: assets not employer-controlled in DC; no composition needed.</p>
Question 9 of 21
IAS 19 DB plan disclosure objectives include explaining all except:
id: 9
model: Grok
topic: Defined Benefit Disclosure Objectives
Explanation
<h3>First Principles Thinking: Risk and Impact Transparency</h3><p><strong>C is correct.</strong> Objectives: (1) plan characteristics/risks (benefit formula, funding status), (2) explain net asset/liability reconciliation. Cash flow description required but not primary objective phrasing. Roche discloses funding status, expenses, contributions explicitly.</p><p>A is incorrect: core objective—nature, governance, risks.</p><p>B is incorrect: explain net position origins.</p>
Question 10 of 21
IAS 19 requires DB disclosures including:
id: 10
model: Grok
topic: DB Plan Reconciliation Disclosure
Explanation
<h3>First Principles Thinking: Change Attribution</h3><p><strong>A is correct.</strong> Roll-forward from opening to closing net position: separate for assets (contributions, returns) and DBO (service, interest, remeasurements, benefits). Components: service cost (P&L), interest, past service, settlements. Roche shows funded/unfunded status, total liability CHF 4,710M. Traces volatility sources.</p><p>B is incorrect: contributions one line; full reconciliation required.</p><p>C is incorrect: both assets and DBO reconciled.</p>
Question 11 of 21
DB disclosures must include sensitivity analysis for:
id: 11
model: Grok
topic: DB Sensitivity Analysis
Explanation
<h3>First Principles Thinking: Assumption Impact Quantification</h3><p><strong>A is correct.</strong> Sensitivity shows DBO change from +/-1% discount rate, salary growth, etc. Highlights key driver sensitivity (discount rate most material). Enables stress-testing funded status. Principles-based but prescribed for major assumptions.</p><p>B is incorrect: contributions derived from funded status, not primary sensitivity.</p><p>C is incorrect: demographic risks qualitative; actuarial assumptions quantitative.</p>
Question 12 of 21
Disclosures for DB plan assets include breakdown by:
id: 12
model: Grok
topic: DB Plan Assets Composition
Explanation
<h3>First Principles Thinking: Diversification Assessment</h3><p><strong>A is correct.</strong> Composition (equities, bonds, alternatives) shows risk profile, return potential. Major categories with concentrations >10%. Roche: CHF 18,817M assets vs. DBO 17,609M funded plans. Informs expected return assumption.</p><p>B is incorrect: geography supplementary.</p><p>C is incorrect: prohibited >10% single issuer typically.</p>
Question 13 of 21
Roche's 2021 DB net liability primarily arises from:
id: 13
model: Grok
topic: Roche DB Funding Status
Explanation
<h3>First Principles Thinking: Funded Status Calculation</h3><p><strong>A is correct.</strong> Funded: assets 18,817M > DBO 17,609M (surplus 1,208M). Unfunded DBO 5,582M creates deficit. Net liability CHF 4,605M after reimbursement. Reflects pay-as-you-go German plans.</p><p>B is incorrect: overfunding reduces net liability.</p><p>C is incorrect: minor asset ceiling adjustment.</p>
Question 14 of 21
IFRS 2 requires share-based disclosures including:
id: 14
model: Grok
topic: Share-Based Compensation Disclosures
Explanation
<h3>First Principles Thinking: Arrangement Transparency</h3><p><strong>A is correct.</strong> Describe types (RSUs, options), terms (vesting 4 years, max term), settlement (equity/cash). Reconciles activity: granted, vested, forfeited, outstanding/exercisable with weighted exercise prices/fair values. Enables dilution, expense estimation.</p><p>B is incorrect: unrecognized cost additional; reconciliation primary.</p><p>C is incorrect: grant-date fair value; exercise post-vesting.</p>
Question 15 of 21
Apple's 2021 RSU disclosure shows balance decreasing from 310M to 240M despite grants because:
id: 15
model: Grok
topic: Apple RSU Activity Disclosure
Explanation
<h3>First Principles Thinking: Roll-Forward Mechanics</h3><p><strong>A is correct.</strong> Net change: +89M granted -146M vested -14M canceled = -71M. Aggregate fair value vested $19B. Weighted grant-date FV rose to $75.16 due stock appreciation. Unrecognized $13.6B over 2.5 years.</p><p>B is incorrect: FV change affects expense, not units.</p><p>C is incorrect: ESPP separate; RSUs standalone.</p>
Question 16 of 21
Apple discloses lease discount rate as:
id: 16
model: Grok
topic: Lease Discount Rate Disclosure
Explanation
<h3>First Principles Thinking: Rate Selection Hierarchy</h3><p><strong>A is correct.</strong> Hierarchy: implicit if known; else incremental borrowing rate (IBR). Apple uses IBR 2.0% as implicit unavailable. Consistent across years/terms. Allows PV recalculation for sensitivity.</p><p>B is incorrect: not readily determinable per note.</p><p>C is incorrect: WACC inappropriate; IBR reflects lease financing cost.</p>
Question 17 of 21
Apple discloses $1.1B future payments for leases not yet commenced because:
id: 17
model: Grok
topic: Future Lease Commitments
Explanation
<h3>First Principles Thinking: Executory Contract Visibility</h3><p><strong>A is correct.</strong> Signed but non-commenced leases (corporate/retail, 2022-2023 start, 3-20 years) disclose future obligations. Not recognized yet (no ROU/ liability until commencement). Highlights pipeline risk.</p><p>B is incorrect: executory not recognized until control transfers.</p><p>C is incorrect: no current impact on BS.</p>
Question 18 of 21
Roche's DC expense CHF 419M reflects:
id: 18
model: Grok
topic: Roche DC Plan Expense
Explanation
<h3>First Principles Thinking: Fixed Obligation Limit</h3><p><strong>A is correct.</strong> DC: employer pays fixed into separate funds (e.g., US 401(k)); expense = contributions. No further liability/asset. Roche CHF 419M (up from 409M). Simplicity matches no longevity/investment risk transfer.</p><p>B is incorrect: gross employer expense.</p><p>C is incorrect: separate from DB CHF 749M total.</p>
Question 19 of 21
Roche discloses expected 2022 DB contributions CHF 411M to show:
id: 19
model: Grok
topic: DB Cash Flow Disclosures
Explanation
<h3>First Principles Thinking: Prospective Liquidity</h3><p><strong>A is correct.</strong> IAS 19 requires estimated future contributions/benefits. Roche: CHF 411M funded + 204M unfunded benefits = CHF 615M outflow. Informs dividend capacity, debt service.</p><p>B is incorrect: settlements historical.</p><p>C is incorrect: remeasurements OCI; cash flows separate.</p>
Question 20 of 21
Apple RSUs under 2014 Plan vest over 4 years and settle in:
id: 20
model: Grok
topic: Share Plan Vesting and Settlement
Explanation
<h3>First Principles Thinking: Equity Instrument Terms</h3><p><strong>A is correct.</strong> Service-conditioned RSUs vest 4 years continued employment; settle shares. DERs match dividends. Reduces shares available 2x. Net share settle taxes (53M shares withheld). 760M reserved.</p><p>B is incorrect: equity-settled per note.</p><p>C is incorrect: RSUs, not options.</p>
Question 21 of 21
Apple discloses $13.6B unrecognized RSU/stock option cost over 2.5 years weighted average because:
id: 21
model: Grok
topic: Unrecognized Compensation Cost
Explanation
<h3>First Principles Thinking: Matching Over Service Period</h3><p><strong>A is correct.</strong> Grant-date FV expensed ratably over requisite service (vesting). Unvested balance = total FV less cumulative expense. Weighted-average remaining 2.5 years. Vested $19B 2021 reflects service earned.</p><p>B is incorrect: expected forfeitures adjust upfront; actual true-up.</p><p>C is incorrect: taxes cash settled concurrent vesting.</p>